Abstract: Aiming at the problem of unclear distribution laws and large difficulty in development of coalbed methane in Niuchang syncline exploration area of Guizhou Province, based on the geological theory of coalbed methane and the analysis method of coal reservoir physical properties, by carrying out experiments such as entrained air content testing, reservoir isothermal adsorption experiment, coal reservoir permeability testing, reservoir pressure testing and so on, the physical property characteristics of coal reservoirs and surrounding rocks are systematically analyzed, the gas controlling geological factors of coalbed methane distribution are clarified, and the average permeability of each coal seam reservoir is determined to be 0.036-0.080 mD, which is a low-permeability reservoir; The average methane content is 3.16-7.51 m³/t, which is a lean-methane-containing coal seam; The reservoir pressure gradient is 0.52-0.97 MPa/100 m, which is a low abnormal pressure state; From the isothermal adsorption characteristics, it can be known that when the pressure is 1 MPa, the adsorption capacity reaches 12 m³/t. The research results show that the distribution of coalbed methane is mainly controlled by coal rank, tectonic stress field, and sedimentary environment: the coalification affects the generation of coalbed methane, the tectonic stress field controls the migration of coalbed methane, and the sedimentary environment determines the preservation conditions of coalbed methane. The research results provide a scientific basis for the efficient development of coalbed methane in the exploration area.