Abstract: Coal mine accidents, due to their complex causes, strong destructive power, and large difficulty in rescue, often lead to power supply interruption and communication failures, making it difficult to detect the disaster situations in a timely manner and seriously affecting the formulation of scientific rescue schemes. To solve this problem, a coal mine disaster situation perception and emergency rescue auxiliary decision-making system architecture based on fiber optic sensing is studied and proposed, and a complete research framework is constructed from personnel precise positioning after disaster, mine water situation perception and inference, to downhole roadway environmental temperature monitoring and early warning. A key parameter monitoring system for mines is established by utilizing distributed fiber optic vibration and temperature sensing technology, achieving passive perception and auxiliary decision-making support of key information after disaster. This technology can break through the blind spots limitations of disaster situations, effectively improve emergency rescue efficiency and coal mine safety monitoring capability, and provide an effective technical path for coal mine disaster situation perception and emergency rescue auxiliary decision-making.